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The principal active component in khat is S-cathinone, otherwise known as - aminopropiophenone or, more formally, S- - aminophenylpropanone. Cathinone is labile and is transformed within a few days of harvesting to a dimer 3,6-dimethyl-2,5-diphenylpyrazine. It is for this reason that khat needs to be consumed while still fresh. Cathine 1S, 2S-norpseudoephedrine , a further psychoactive substance, arises from the metabolism of cathinone in the mature plant.
Apart from common plant products such as tannins, terpenes, flavonoids and sterols, a number of other substances occur in khat including smaller amounts of 1 R , 2 S -norephedrine and a large number of cathedulins polyhydroxylated sesquiterpenes. Both cathinone and cathine are close chemical relatives of the phenethylamines.
A large number of synthetic cathinone derivatives have been produced, some of which have found use as active pharmaceutical agents. Khat is usually supplied as a bundle of leaves and fresh shoots wrapped in banana leaves.
It is reported to have a sharp taste and an aromatic odour. Both cathinone and cathine are central nervous system CNS stimulants, but have a lower potency than amphetamine. Khat consumption leads to effects that are qualitatively similar to those of amphetamine , i. This may be followed by depression, irritability, anorexia and difficulty in sleeping. Frequent use of high doses may evoke psychotic reactions. Gastrointestinal effects include constipation and urine retention.
The role of other constituents of the khat plant is less well understood. The euphoric effects of khat start after about one hour of chewing. Updated September Khat Addiction. In: el-Guebaly N. Springer, Milano: Correlates of nicotine dependence in U. Khat use and related addiction, mental health an physical disorders: the need to address a growing risk. East Mediterr Health J. Alsanusy R, El-Setouhy M. Why would khat chewers quit? An in-depth, qualitative study on Saudi khat quitters.
Substance Abuse. Khat dependence syndrome: A cross-sectional preliminary evaluation amongst UK-resident Yemeni khat chewers. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. Khat: Social habit or cultural burden? A survey and review. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse. Motives for khat use and abstinence in Yemen - a gender perspective. BMC Public Health 10, Your Privacy Rights. To change or withdraw your consent choices for VerywellMind. At any time, you can update your settings through the "EU Privacy" link at the bottom of any page.
These choices will be signaled globally to our partners and will not affect browsing data. We and our partners process data to: Actively scan device characteristics for identification. I Accept Show Purposes. Table of Contents View All. Table of Contents. What Does Khat Do? Common Side Effects. Signs of Use. How to Get Help. How to Recognize Khat Khat leaves are usually green or green-brown.
The Legal Consequences of Drug Use. Khat chewing is an important social ritual among Somali, Yemeni, and Ethiopian cultures. Signs of Stimulant Use Disorder. If you or a loved one is abusing drugs, the drugs you are using will likely be detected by a urine, hair, or blood test.
While the best way to pass a drug test for employment is to permanently quit all drug use , many people still want to know how long different drugs stay in the body. A drug test may detect certain substances in the body over time depending on several different factors. Drug detection times will vary greatly from person to person, based on how their body metabolizes each drug and the type of drug test that was used.
They can, however, provide accurate estimations for the length of time a drug may be detectable in hair, blood, saliva, and urine. When a person ingests a drug, it is absorbed into the digestive tract and spread out into the various tissues of the body. Drugs that are injected, inhaled, or snorted, immediately penetrate the tissues. A drug test is a type of test that can be administered to determine if a person has used an addictive substance like cocaine , marijuana , alcohol , among others.
These tests work by analyzing biological specimens like urine, blood, saliva, or hair to detect the substance s. There are several different methods of drug testing. The half-life of a drug is the time it takes for the concentration of the drug in the plasma or the total amount in the body to be reduced to 50 percent. The half-life of a drug is also just an average duration of time, so it can vary greatly from person to person depending on other individual factors.
It can also be used to predict the timeline for the onset of withdrawal symptoms, which can occur when certain drugs leave your body. Doctors often use this information when prescribing medication to determine the appropriate dosage amount and frequency for a patient.
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