Red Pivot and two Red Blockers form a three-person wall. Red Pivot does not fall but is pushed out of the center of the wall. White Jammer is able to pass the other two Red Blockers at the hips before Red Pivot reclaims their position. Rationale: White Blocker did not gain advantage from their block to an Illegal Target Zone, but a teammate did: White Jammer earned passes and therefore scored points.
Keep in Mind: If White Blocker had fully moved through the wall and continued on, that would also justify a penalty for gaining position, even though they were not scoring points. Red Blocker initiates a chest-to-chest block against White Blocker. Keep in Mind: Incidental contact to the neck or head that is not forceful and does not have any other impact should not result in a penalty. Red Blocker stops skating clockwise. Skaters may be oriented and be moving in various directions during a game.
White Jammer approaches the rear of the Pack, targeting Red Blocker. White Jammer makes contact anyway and knocks Red Blocker down. Rationale: Red Blocker established a new position before White Jammer made contact.
White Jammer is responsible for their initiated block, regardless of what their original target had been. Because White Jammer would not be considered the initiator, no penalty is warranted. Red Blocker falls wildly and slides into the skates of a wall of White Blockers in front of them, who fall. Rationale: White Jammer made illegal contact to Red Blocker. Due to this illegal contact, Red Blocker was unable to avoid committing their illegal action and should not be penalized. Red Jammer skates around the track at a high rate of speed.
White Blocker, however, does not fall and Red Jammer does not gain position on anybody as a result of this action. A flagrant violation of this rule poses a safety hazard to White Blocker, which has sufficient impact on the game to expel Red Jammer if judged to be negligent, intentional, or reckless, regardless of if White Blocker lost position.
Red Jammer is stuck behind a wall of White Blockers. Red Jammer forcefully blocks White Blocker 1 in the back, but due to a legal assist from White Blocker 2, White Blocker 1 remains in position. Red Jammer was in control of their actions and initiated illegal forceful contact to the back of White Blocker 1.
This action is penalized regardless of impact or outcome. Red Jammer is approaching White Blocker 1. White Blocker 2 initiates a legal block on Red Jammer at the last second, forcing them out of their trajectory and directly into the back of White Blocker 1 without any opportunity to recover before making contact.
White Blocker 1 receives forceful contact but maintains their position ahead of Red Jammer and does not otherwise lose position. The illegal contact did not result in any other impact such as loss of position that warranted a penalty. Keep in Mind: A Skater is responsible for maintaining control of their body and the contact they initiate as a result of legal gameplay. If White Blocker 1 had lost position, Red Jammer would be penalized. Keep in Mind: If Red Jammer made forceful contact to the back of White Blocker 1 due to the assist of a Red teammate, then the contact would be considered avoidable and Red Jammer penalized.
Making contact with an Illegal Blocking Zone should be penalized based on the impact it has on the target. White Blocker is knocked out of bounds. While forearms are an Illegal Blocking Zone, tucking them into the torso effectively makes them part of the torso, and thus a Legal Blocking Zone. Red Jammer ends up out of bounds as a result of the action.
Rationale: White Blocker used their upper arm to initiate the block. Both examples are legal play. If the illegal contact does not have further impact, no penalty should be assessed.
White Jammer is stuck behind a Red wall. They push forward, but cannot find a way to break through. Red Blocker stumbles but does not go down or out. White Jammer fails to break through the wall. Rationale: A Skater who intentionally and forcefully jabs an opponent with their elbow or strikes with their knee should receive a penalty regardless of whether it leads to a loss of position or advantage. This action is unsafe and unsporting.
Keep in Mind: The fact that this action was intentional is only part of the reason a penalty is warranted. Intentional illegal action is not always penalized even though it is tacitly unsporting. Intentional actions designed to harm an opponent should always be penalized. Red Blocker remains standing, but is significantly slowed by the pulling at their jersey.
White Blocker regains their balance. Rationale: Assists taken from an opponent, such as whips or braces, are penalizable if they result in some kind of advantage for the initiator or disadvantage for the opponent. White Pivot wiggles past Red Blocker on the outside line, using their forearms on those Red Blockers to hold themself in bounds. Rationale: White Pivot gained superior position to Red Blocker by using their forearms to remain in bounds during an action that would have otherwise taken them out of bounds.
Red Jammer has passed all but the foremost White Blocker. White Blocker faces clockwise with their arms outstretched and initiates a block against Red Jammer with the entirety of their arm: upper arm, elbow, and forearm. Red Jammer is not knocked down, but they are brought to a stop. Rationale: Though Red Jammer did not lose position, their progress was significantly impeded by Illegal Blocking Zones.
Keep in Mind: If White Blocker had dropped their forearm and elbow as soon as contact was made, no penalty should be called. It was the prolonged impact of the forearm and elbow that made the action penalizable. White Pivot stands still on their toe stops and initiates a block against Red Jammer. Red Jammer does not fall, but is brought to a stop. Red Jammer counter-blocks, but White Pivot continues to block while on their toe stops and Red Jammer is unable to get past.
Rationale: If Red Jammer loses position or has their momentum or trajectory severely affected by a block initiated in an unexpected way, the initiator should receive a penalty. In this example, if White Pivot had not maintained their stopped block but instead returned to counterclockwise skating, allowing Red Jammer to maintain part of their momentum, it would not have resulted in a penalty.
White Blocker is pushed until one skate is in bounds and one skate is out of bounds. Red Blocker continues to block until White Blocker is fully out of bounds. Red Blocker re-initiates a new block that knocks White Blocker down. Rationale: A Skater should not expect to be blocked while out of bounds. It is only legal to block a Skater who is in bounds or straddling. The secondary block is what warrants the penalty.
Red Blocker is knocked out of bounds and recycled to the rear of the Pack. They accelerate and move in bounds, directly into White Blocker, who falls. Rationale: Even if the Target and Blocking Zones were legal and both Skaters were in bounds, Red Blocker gained an unexpected advantage by accelerating while out of bounds into the block.
White Blocker should not expect to be blocked by an out-of-bounds opponent. Red Blocker is knocked out of bounds by White Blocker, who also goes out of bounds, leaving an opening on the inside line. The out-of-bounds Red Blocker grabs the in-bounds Red Jammer by the hips and pushes them past the in-bounds White Blockers. Rationale: The threshold for penalization of assists follows similar metrics to blocks. They cannot come from an unblockable position, such as out of bounds, while down, or while stopped.
Because Red Blocker could not legally be blocked, it would also be illegal to provide an assist. White Blocker, having lined up just in front of the Jammer Line, is contacted by Red Pivot attempting to take the same space. White Blocker falls out of bounds before the Jam-Starting Whistle. Outcome: Red Pivot is penalized for blocking before the Jam start.
White Blocker is allowed to participate in this Jam. Rationale: It is illegal to block before a Jam has begun. Keep in Mind: Should White Blocker be blocked into a false starting position rather than out of bounds, White Blocker is allowed to participate in the Jam without the need to yield. Red Pivot would still receive a penalty for blocking before the Jam start. Keep in Mind: A Skater penalized before the start of a Jam should serve their penalty in the position in which they appear to be acting.
Red Jammer stumbles significantly off balance after the Jam-Ending Whistle. Rationale: It is illegal to block after a Jam has ended. It is, however, legal to initiate during the Jam-Ending Whistle, even if the outcome happens once the Jam has ended. Being hit significantly off balance after the Jam-Ending Whistle is sufficient to penalize the initiator of that hit. Keep in Mind: A Skater penalized after the end of the Jam should serve their penalty in the position in which they appear to be acting.
Red Jammer is 18 ft 5. White Pivot continues to skate alongside Red Jammer, and then blocks Red Jammer, making hip-to-hip contact.
Red Jammer counter-blocks White Pivot. White Pivot falls as a result. Rationale: White Pivot received an Out of Play warning and failed to immediately attempt to return to the Engagement Zone; rather, they continued to block Red Jammer.
The middle Red Blocker hooks arms with the outside Red Blocker. White Pivot initiates a block against the middle and outside Red Blockers, attempting to drive between the two Skaters, but fails to make any progress. All Blockers remain upright. Outcome: The middle Red Blocker was most responsible for hooking arms and should receive a penalty. Rationale: The middle and outside Red Blockers gained an advantage by creating a link that White Pivot cannot break. Once White Pivot challenged that link, their action became worthy of a penalty.
Keep in Mind: If it cannot be determined who initiated the link, then the Skater closest to the Referee calling the penalty should be penalized. Keep in Mind: If the middle Red Blocker had also been hooked to the inside Red Blocker, no additional penalty would be warranted because White Pivot did not attempt to get between those two linked opponents.
Rationale: The destruction of the Pack occurred as a result of normal gameplay. It should not be considered an illegal Pack destruction. Red Pivot is the only Red Blocker on the track. Red Pivot attempts to block White Jammer as they pass. Red Pivot misses, and ends up out of bounds. Outcome: Officials declare a No Pack situation. Red Pivot is instructed to remain on the track, and is penalized. Red Pivot is the final remaining Red Blocker, and must remain on the track so that a Pack can be formed.
Red Pivot still does not return to the track. As a result, the Pack is unable to be reformed. Outcome: Red Pivot is penalized and instructed to return to and remain on the track until another Red Blocker returns to the Pack.
Rationale: Red Pivot was able to legally reenter the track once all other Blockers were ahead of them. Red Pivot is not required to return to the track until they can legally do so, and is not required to skate clockwise in order to find a legal reentry point.
In this scenario, however, Red Pivot had a legal opportunity because all other Blockers were ahead of them. Further, Red Pivot did not heed the warning from the Officials, and thus should be penalized for preventing a Pack from reforming. As Red Pivot is the final remaining Red Blocker, they must remain on the track so that a Pack can be formed.
Keep in Mind: If White Pivot or White Blocker had not skated forward, one or both of them would have been penalized instead of Red Pivot for preventing a Pack from reforming by forcing the only opposing Blocker to remain out of bounds. Red Pivot is skating 9 ft 2. Their knee pad slips down their leg, and is no longer protecting their knee. Red Pivot takes themself off the track in order to adjust their equipment, creating a No Pack situation. Skaters should not be penalized for rectifying a safety issue.
White Jammer removes their helmet cover and attempts to hand it to White Pivot. During this process, the Star falls, touching out of bounds. White Jammer leaves the track to retrieve the helmet cover. Rationale: The Jammer and the Pivot may leave the track of their own accord to retrieve a helmet cover that has fallen at least partially out of bounds.
Not allowing them to do so would leave them unable to recover the helmet cover. White Jammer attempts an apex jump and fails to land in bounds. They land fully out of bounds, enter behind all Blockers, and continue to skate. Keep in Mind: Should White Jammer successfully make the apex jump but still remove themself due to the belief that they did not complete it successfully, no penalty would be applicable. Rationale: Skating out of bounds during the four whistles of a Jam call-off does not allow a Skater to score additional points nor gain meaningful advantage over any other Skater.
All White Blockers skate counterclockwise, resulting in more than 10 ft 3. Officials assess penalties for failing to reform a Pack, as warranted. Rationale: Destroying the Pack penalties are issued when Skaters illegally create a No Pack situation. Usually, this will be the team or Skater who changes their speed from the established speed of the Pack.
No penalty is warranted. Keep in Mind: The same principle would apply if the White team skated clockwise at the start of the Jam. One White Blocker skates forward to reform the Pack but does not do so for several seconds. The remaining three White Blockers continue to actively block Red Jammer before the Pack is declared reformed.
Rationale: All Blockers are obligated to attempt to reform the Pack, not just those who choose to do so. Continued blocking during a No Pack situation is considered a failure to attempt to reform the Pack. Keep in Mind: If the Pack had been reformed immediately, no penalty should be issued. Keep in Mind: If all the White Blockers had been accelerating in an attempt to reform the Pack, no penalty should be issued, even if they did so while maintaining their wall and holding Red Jammer back.
Red Jammer passes all members of the Pack except for White Pivot, who forces Red Jammer out of bounds to the outside of the track. Red Jammer takes several strides while out of bounds, counterclockwise, to maintain their position ahead of the Pack and behind White Pivot, before returning in bounds. Rationale: Skaters are not allowed to accelerate or maintain speed while out of bounds, unless they are doing so to hasten their return to the track or entry to the Penalty Box.
Keep in Mind: Accelerating or maintaining speed while out of bounds in the clockwise direction should not be penalized, as it does not allow the out-of-bounds Skater to maintain their position relative to in-bounds Skaters. Red Blocker is serving a penalty in the Penalty Box. Once their time completes, they are informed by the Penalty Box Official with the proper verbal cue, but Red Blocker remains within the designated Penalty Box area. Red Blocker acknowledges the warning but remains in the Penalty Box area.
Rationale: By remaining in the Penalty Box beyond their allotted penalty time, a Skater maintains an unblockable position. Keep in Mind: If a Skater has been warned multiple times within the course of a game but returns to play after each warning, the Skater should receive a penalty.
By repeatedly requiring a warning for the same action, the Skater is continually interfering with normal Penalty Box operation. Keep in Mind: Skaters who maintain their position in or near the Penalty Box momentarily due to safety reasons for example, waiting for an Outside Pack Referee to pass before they return to play should not be warned or penalized.
White Blockers continue to engage the Red Jammer and make no attempt to reform the Pack. Red Blockers in the rear of the Pack remain stationary for several seconds until one of the Red Blockers skates forward to reform the Pack.
Keep in Mind: Both teams should be penalized again if the Pack continues to remain undefined. Red Pivot is forced out of bounds by White Pivot. White Blocker skates clockwise behind both Skaters. Rationale: White Blocker had superior position when Red Pivot went out of bounds.
Rationale: White Pivot is penalized because they executed a block while out of play due to the No Pack situation. Accordingly, Red Pivot was not required to reenter behind White Pivot. Red Pivot must enter behind White Blocker. Keep in Mind: If White Blocker were more than 20 ft 6. White Pivot forces Red Pivot out of bounds.
White Blocker loses their balance, takes a knee, and returns upright. Rationale: Although White Blocker lost their superior position briefly while down, they returned upright before Red Pivot reentered. White Blocker was not the initiator of the block that forced Red Pivot out of bounds, and thus is able to reestablish their superior position. Both Blockers were ahead of both Jammers before the blocks, and race clockwise to pull their opposing Jammers to the rear of the Pack.
Rationale: Cutting a single teammate does not have enough impact to warrant a penalty. Keep in Mind: The same metrics should be applied when a Skater is returning to play from the Penalty Box. White Blocker, who is behind both Pivots, skates counterclockwise past both Pivots, and then clockwise to their previous position.
Red Pivot is only required to reenter behind White Pivot. White Pivot is in bounds but down. Red Pivot dodges White Pivot, ending up out of bounds. White Pivot returns to an upright position. Red Pivot reenters the track ahead of White Pivot. Rationale: Downed Skaters do not have superior position to out-of-bounds Skaters.
White Blocker forces Red Pivot out of bounds illegally and receives a penalty. As White Blocker leaves the track, they accidentally clip the skates of their teammate, White Pivot, who falls. Red Pivot reenters the track ahead of both Skaters.
Rationale: White Pivot was down when Red Pivot reentered the track, and did not have superior position. Red Jammer is blocked out of bounds by White Pivot. White Pivot and White Blocker skate clockwise back to the Pack.
Red Jammer reenters the track ahead of both Skaters. Rationale: White Pivot, as initiator of the block, lost their superior position on Red Jammer by leaving the Engagement Zone.
Although White Blocker lost their superior position briefly by going out of play, they regained it by returning to the Engagement Zone before Red Jammer reentered. White Blocker was not the initiator of the block that forced Red Jammer out of bounds, and thus is able to reestablish their superior position. White Blocker skates clockwise back to the Pack. Rationale: White Blocker was out of play when Red Jammer went out of bounds, and thus did not have superior position. Red Pivot blocks White Jammer to the inside and forward, across the apex.
White Jammer returns fully in bounds with both skates for a moment, and then immediately leaves the track. Rationale: White Jammer did not meaningfully gain position on anybody because they immediately left the track. Keep in Mind: If White Jammer had not immediately left the track, they should be penalized. Red Jammer is on their second trip through the Pack, having passed no White Blockers.
Red Jammer, while down, slides back in behind White Pivot. White Blocker skates clockwise behind Red Jammer. Red Jammer stands, completely in bounds and starts skating forward.
Rationale: Skaters cannot reestablish their position on the track while down. Despite being completely in bounds, the downed Red Jammer did not reestablish their in bounds position until they were upright and not immediately exiting the track.
White Blocker had superior position to Red Jammer when Red Jammer left the track, so Red Jammer cannot gain superior position due to their out of bounds status. The Pack remains stopped while White Jammer skates clockwise around the track. Red Jammer remains out of bounds.
Red Jammer re-enters the track behind the Pack, and ahead of both the new and former White Jammers. Rationale: When out of bounds, Skaters must reenter the track without improving their position relative to other Skaters. Red Jammer passes all members of the Pack except for White Pivot, who forces Red Jammer out of bounds on the inside of the track. Red Jammer takes several skating strides while out of bounds, counterclockwise, but reenters the track ahead of the Engagement Zone.
Rationale: When out of bounds to the inside of the track, Skaters may skate in any direction to return to the track. By re-entering the track ahead of the Engagement Zone, rather than being penalized, Red Jammer is considered to be entering to the rear of the Engagement Zone, behind the Pack and White Pivot.
White Pivot is issued a penalty, leaves the track, and reports to the Penalty Box. The Penalty Box is full at this time, and White Pivot is waved back onto the track. Just as White Pivot returns to the Pack, the Jam is called off. White Pivot returns to their team bench. If they are not successful, when 30 seconds have passed since the end of the previous Jam, Officials must call an Official Timeout instead of starting the next Jam. White Pivot should be penalized.
Rationale: White Pivot is in queue to serve their penalty, and must be on the track so they can serve their penalty during the next Jam. Officials give Skaters a five-second warning before the start of the next Jam. White team finishes their discussion, and five White Skaters approach the track. All are out of bounds or straddling as the lineup time expires. Outcome: Instead of starting the next Jam, at that moment, the Officials must call an Official Timeout. White Captain is penalized.
All are in bounds, but ahead of the Pivot Line as the lineup time expires. Outcome: Instead of starting the next Jam, at that moment, the Officials must call an Official Timeout instead of starting the next Jam.
As the lineup time expires, White team has four Blockers correctly positioned, but White Jammer is still out of bounds. Keep in Mind: If Red Jammer had also been out of bounds, both Captains would have received a penalty for preventing the Jam from starting in a timely manner. White team has used three Team Timeouts during the game. White Captain calls for a Team Timeout. Officials, mistakenly believing that White team has timeouts remaining, grants the request.
Outcome: If White team has an Official Review remaining, they should be considered to have used it as a timeout. If not, White Captain is penalized and the next Jam is started as soon as possible, but at least 30 seconds after the end of the previous Jam. If White Captain had legal means to prevent the Jam from starting, legal means should be assumed.
Keep in Mind: Officials should deny requests for a Team Timeout if that team has none remaining. No penalty is warranted if an invalid request for a Team Timeout is denied. Jam 23 is called off for an injury sustained by White Pivot. The same Skater lines up on the track for the start of Jam Outcome: Officials should attempt to communicate to the White Skater that they are not allowed to participate. If the Officials fail, when 30 seconds have passed since the end of the previous Jam, Officials must call an Official Timeout instead of starting the next Jam.
Aim for the people whose feet are pointed straight ahead, whose wheels are ready to roll right out of play. If so, this is for you. You got to let that shit go. Be patient with yourself. Struggle is a big part of jamming at all levels. Struggle is part of the job of jamming. This is the work of a jammer. And on a not-so-PC note: Think about your pivot. Hopefully yes. Play at practice. Play at warmups. Even on your own. Do it. When we practice weird shit, we inherently get better at the normal shit, our balance gets better and we as competitive humans love to play … and love is important.
One Jammer exits the Pack and is declared Lead Jammer, earning the right to end the Jam when they decide. This Jammer races around the track to get into scoring position. The same Jammer begins to work their way through the Pack for the second time, and the opposing Jammer makes their way out of the Pack for the first time. As the second Jammer to escape the Pack comes around into scoring position, the first Jammer calls off the Jam. By virtue of your role it is far more likely that you are going to need offensive help on the track.
Work on trap drills and passes with your blockers and pivots. Communicate with them till the point that you feel you are being annoying. Similarly, blockers, you need to recognize this the same and adjust your game accordingly.
Take relief jammers under your wing, talk to them, make eye contact on the track, encourage them. Their struggles on the track are your struggles too. If you start to bend over, hands on knees, or drag ass, your role should get limited.
You need to build your endurance to ensure you can match this 2 minute span, which means sprints and interval sprints are key to your training. If you do get a penalty, you better leave the track immediately and skate as hard as you can under control to the box. Also important to remember is your lap speed out of the pack. The faster you are out of the pack the less time you allow for the defense to give offense and reset. As a relief jammer, help yourself and your team by skating as hard as you can out of the pack and pressuring the defense.
This is the most controllable way you can weaken an opposing defense. There is no shame in doing this and failing to do so will only hurt your team. It can be difficult during the game to stay warm as a relief jammer and you need to adjust your warm up and how you approach your time on the bench.
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