Well before the Soviet takeover, a large number of the Galician Ukrainian intelligentsia had fled westward. When the Second World War ended, they became displaced persons in Germany.
According to a Soviet-Polish agreement made in Moscow on 16 August , the border between Polish- and Soviet-occupied Galicia ran along the Curzon Line ; thus the Sian region including Peremyshl , the Kholm region and the Lemko region were ceded to Poland. In the border between Poland and Lviv oblast was slightly modified. The forcible depopulation of Ukrainians in the border regions was calculated to destroy the social base of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army , which continued its activity in the Carpathian Mountains until the mids.
Because of the profound political, administrative, cultural, religious, social, economic, and demographic changes that have occurred under Soviet rule, historical Galicia has ceased to exist. Galicia has long been the most densely populated part of Ukraine. Although in it constituted only 6 percent of all Ukrainian ethnic territory , it had Galicia was already densely populated during the Princely era.
Most densely populated were the vicinities of Peremyshl, Lviv, and Halych. From the 13th to the 16th century, the population increased because of the influx of Ukrainians from the east and Polish colonists from the west. From the 15th to the 18th century Galicia also experienced population losses, caused primarily by the peasantry 's flight from serfdom to the steppe frontier. After the Austrian annexation, this large-scale flight was stemmed because the Russian-Austrian border now separated Galicia from the rest of Ukraine, and the population rose steadily.
It increased by 45 percent between and This growth was interrupted only by mass emigration , beginning in the s. In , the average population density in Galicia was per sq km; in the belt between Peremyshl and Pokutia it was as high as per sq km. The urban population grew slowly, from 19 percent in to 23 percent in ; the greatest growth occurred in Lviv and in the towns of the Drohobych-Boryslav Industrial Region.
The cities with over 20, inhabitants in their population is given in parentheses were Lviv, , , ; Stanyslaviv Ivano-Frankivsk , 60, , ; Peremyshl 51, 64, in ; Boryslav , 42, 35, in ; Ternopil , 36, , ; Kolomyia , 33, 61, in ; Drohobych , 33, 77, in ; Stryi , 31, 60, in ; and Sambir , 22, 35, in Until the Second World War , Galicia was one of the most overpopulated agrarian regions in Europe, with agriculturalists per ha of arable land the corresponding figure for all of Ukraine was 54, for Germany , 51, and for Holland , In the last years, certain demographic trends can be singled out: a until , a small annual growth around 1.
Because of centuries-long Polish expansion there, Galicia was the first region of Ukraine to cease being purely Ukrainian; this process transpired first in the towns and later in the most fertile areas of the countryside.
In the period — the number of Roman Catholics rose from An intermediate ethnic category arose, the so-called latynnyky Ukrainian-speaking Roman Catholics , ie, either Ukrainians who had converted to Roman Catholicism or the descendants of Polish colonists who had to a large degree assimilated into the Ukrainian milieu.
A smaller transitional category consisted of Ukrainian Catholics living in a Polish milieu who had become linguistically Polonized mainly in the western borderlands and in Lviv. In the Princely era , the economic base of Galicia changed gradually from hunting and utilization of forest resources to agriculture. At the time, grain , as well as hides and wax, was already being exported to Byzantium.
Trade in salt mined in Subcarpathia was of particular economic importance. It was exported west via the Sian River and east to Kyiv via land trade routes. From the 12th century, Galicia played the role of intermediary in the trade between the West and the Black Sea.
In the 15th and 16th centuries, an economy based on the filvarok developed; the nobility exploited the peasantry in order to export as much grain, beef, wax, and timber products as possible to the rest of Europe. At the same time the salt industry grew, and other industries, such as liquor distilling, brewing, and arms manufacturing in Lviv , arose.
In the 16th century, trade with lands to the east became more difficult; the cities and towns declined because of the detrimental policies of the Polish nobility.
Incessant wars and the oppression of the Ukrainian burghers and peasantry resulted in the impoverishment of the population. When Austria annexed Galicia in , it was a poor, backward, and overpopulated land. Under Austria , Galicia's depressed economy only minimally improved. Its recovery was hindered by a thoroughly unhealthy agrarian system which did not change even after the abolition of serfdom and by Austrian economic policies that maintained Galicia as a primarily agricultural internal colony from which the western Austrian provinces could draw cheap farm produce and timber and which they could use as a ready market for their manufactured goods particularly textiles.
Small industrial enterprises most of them in the hands of landowners , such as textile factories, foundries, glass works, salt mines, paper mills, and sugar refineries, that had been productive in the first half of the 19th century declined thereafter because they were unable to compete with the industries of the western provinces and could not modernize because of a lack of capital, the absence of indigenous coal and iron ore , the long distance from Austria's industrial centers, and poor commercial and communication links with the rest of Ukraine.
Only the food industry liquor distilling and milling by small enterprises and, beginning in the s, the petroleum industry were developed in Galicia, and only the latter attracted foreign investment.
Intensive agriculture could not develop because the peasants had little land, which was further parceled among the family members, and no capital, while the large landowners preferred to maintain the status quo and showed no initiative. Only emigration saved the peasants from destitution; with the exception of Transcarpathia , this process was more significant in Galicia than anywhere else in Ukraine.
Under interwar Poland , Galicia's economic state became even worse. Rural overpopulation increased because of a decline in emigration and the mass influx of Polish colonists, and industry deteriorated even further. The situation of the Ukrainian population became even more precarious with its exclusion from jobs in the civil service and in Polish-owned enterprises.
Only through self-organization, especially through the co-operative movement , were the Ukrainians able to avoid economic ruin. The postwar Soviet annexation placed Galicia's economy on a par with that of the rest of Ukraine. Agriculture was collectivized, and intensive cultivation of industrial crops, mainly sugar beets and corn , was introduced.
Great changes occurred in the industrial sector by way of the large-scale exploitation of energy resources and the introduction of new industries.
In general Galicia's economy had been neglected for centuries, and its economic potential—based on its generally good farmland and propitious climate milder and more humid than in other parts of Ukraine , sources of energy rivers , petroleum, natural gas, timber, peat, lignite, and anthracite , and abundant labor supply—has been underdeveloped.
As late as , for example, Arable land and farmsteads took up 52 percent of the territory; pastures, grassland, and meadows, 18 percent; forest, 25 percent; and other land, 5 percent.
In the Carpathian Mountains forest took up 43 percent; pastures and meadows, 35 percent; and arable land, only 16 percent. In eastern Galician Podilia and Pokutia , arable land took up 77 percent. In Roztochia , western Galician Podilia, and Subcarpathia , arable land took up 50 percent 25 percent was forest and 20 percent was meadows and pastures.
Before the Second World War , Galicia had a sown area of 2,, ha, of which , ha After the war, the area sown with industrial crops especially with sugar beets and corn was increased. In the Carpathian Mountains , oats and potatoes predominated; corn predominated in Pokutia and southeast Podilia; and more wheat than rye was grown in Pokutia, eastern Podilia , and Sokal county.
The poverty of the peasantry is reflected by their holdings in the s. Landowning peasants together possessed only 55 percent of the land, including forests and pastures 80 percent of the arable land ; 52 percent of the peasants had less than 2 ha each, 37 percent had from 2 to 5 ha, and only 11 percent had more than 5 ha.
Landlessness was rampant and constantly increasing. Consequently, intensive crop growing was not possible, and harvest yields were very low, on the average 5, kg of grain and 5, kg of potatoes per ha.
Even though the population had barely enough food for its own use before the war, an annual per capita average of 90 kg of wheat and rye, 70 kg of other grain, and kg of potatoes , , t of wheat and barley were annually exported from Galicia, and only a small amount of rye flour was imported.
Animal husbandry was practiced more intensively and constituted the basis of the peasant budget. In , for example figures in parentheses are per ha of arable land and per inhabitants , , 17, 11 horses, 1,, 42, 28 head of cattle, of which 1,, were cows, , 17, 11 pigs, and , 10, 7 goats and sheep were raised. In general the livestock density in relation to the farmland area in Galicia was greater than elsewhere in Ukraine, and the population's livestock supply was adequate.
Horticulture , orcharding including viticulture in southeast Podilia , and beekeeping played a secondary role. Industry in Galicia before was less developed than elsewhere in Ukraine. Manufacturing was based on the processing of indigenous raw materials, including agricultural products, timber, petroleum, and potassium salts; there was practically no textile industry or metallurgy.
Therefore the prewar industrial work force was small with a maximum of 44, in , only 2. Low-grade lignite was mined around Kolomyia , Rava-Ruska , Zhovkva , and Zolochiv , but not on a large scale because of competition from Silesia's coal companies see Subcarpathian Lignite Region.
Petroleum extraction near Boryslav , Bytkiv , Nadvirna , and elsewhere in the Subcarpathian Petroleum and Natural Gas Region was 2,, t 5 percent of world production in ; it fell to , t in The natural-gas industry arose in and was centered in Dashava, which supplied gas to towns in Subcarpathia; in million cu m of gas were extracted.
Salt mines near Drohobych , Dobromyl, Bolekhiv , and Dolyna produced in the prewar years a mere 40, t, or 2 percent of Ukraine's salt. Ozocerite was mined near Boryslav, Truskavets, Starunia, and Dzvyniach; its production fell from 12, t in to t in The mining of potassium salt near Stebnyk and Kalush increased, reaching , t in The lumber industry in Subcarpathia was well developed; two-thirds of its products were exported.
The food industry was underdeveloped; it produced primarily flour, beer, liquor, meat and dairy products, and beet sugar only three sugar refineries existed before the war. The building-materials industry produced, on a limited scale, glass in Lviv and Stryi , plaster of paris and lime in the Dnister River Basin , bricks, and tiles.
Light industry was not developed enough to supply the population's needs; small companies manufactured leather, wadding, quilts, curtains, shoes, and clothing accessories. Machine building was not well developed; it was based in Lviv and Sianik. Before the Soviet period artisans and the cottage industry played an important role in Galicia, especially in the Hutsul region.
Health resorts and sanatoriums, mineral waters, and spas, most of them in the Carpathian Mountains , attracted thousands of visitors. The network of railroads and highways was denser than elsewhere in Ukraine, but most roads were in a state of disrepair.
Rivers were used merely to float timber to sawmills. Halytsko-ruskaia bybliohrafiia XIX-ho stolitiia s uvzhliadneniiem ruskykh izdanii poiavyvshykhsia v Uhorshchyni i Bukovyni — , 2 vols Lviv , Zanevych, I. Galicya , 2 vols Lviv —9 Krevets'kyi, I. Statystyka seredn'oho shkil'nytstva u Skhidnii Halychyni v rr. Halychyna v rr. Gesher Galicia members log in here to see exclusive content, or if you're not a member, click here to learn about membership.
A Brief History of Galicia Originally called Galicia-Lodomeria by the Austrians when they took that territory from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth during the First Partition of Poland in , its borders varied slightly over the years, especially during the Napoleonic Wars, following which Krakow and surrounding lands were eventually added to the province.
Returned to Poland when that state was reestablished after the First World War. Then for many centuries, while it was part of the Polish empire, it was known simply as Rus czerwona or Ziemnia ruska, red Rus or red earth. When the Polish Commonwealth was carved up by the three greedy powers, Prussia, Russia, and Austria, the new Austrian rulers reverted to the ancient name and created the two provinces, Galicia and the eastern section, Bukowina, formerly Volhynia.
For Jews it was, at different times, a haven, a land of economic opportunity, wealth, and protection under the royal court, or a place of grinding poverty, religious persecution, contradictory and restrictive laws, and anti-Semitism. When the army of the Third Reich invaded in the mid-twentieth century, ten centuries of Jewish life in what had been known as Galicia came to an end in the devastation of the Holocaust.
An entire society was annihilated. This site is dedicated to remembering that society. Galicia became a crown land Kronland of the Austrian Empire in To govern the new province, the Austrian government divided it into circles Kreise with smaller units, called districts.
This system was modified in to eighteen circles and remained in place until about By , these circles had been eliminated and replaced by a system in which the area was divided into districts. It stretches from the Biala River, a tributary of the Weichsel, in the west to the Zbrucz, a tributary of the Dniester, in the east. This area had a large Ukrainian population in the eastern section and a Polish population on the western side which was often refered to as Little Poland.
The territory of Galicia within the borders of the Crown of now covers: In Poland:. Galician town locator courtesy of Gesher Galicia. If you do not yet know the name of the town of your ancestor's birth, there are well-known strategies for a thorough hunt for it.
The Gesher Galicia Town Locator is a website containing jurisdiction information for villages found in the Austrian province of Galicia. It will list the Roman Catholic parish, Greek Catholic parish, and any other applicable religious jurisdiction, including Evangelical and Jewish congregations. If the locality and time period you need are not included in the online records, the next step is to check for them in the microfilm collection of the Family History Library.
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