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Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. Benefits of chromium. Grape juice. Whole wheat flour. Orange juice. Tomato juice. Green beans. The bottom line. Read this next. Medically reviewed by Lindsay Slowiczek, PharmD. Scientists have concluded, based on recent evaluations, that these studies do not provide evidence that the patients had chromium deficiency and thus do not demonstrate that heathy people can develop chromium deficiency [ 3 , 5 , 6 , 10 , 13 ].
Currently, chromium is routinely added to TPN solutions to provide 10—15 mcg chromium per day, a much higher daily amount than the approximately 0. Thus, the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition and other experts recommend research on parenteral chromium requirements to determine whether chromium levels in TPN solutions should be lowered [ 9 , 13 , 35 , 36 ].
This section focuses on five conditions in which chromium might have beneficial effects: impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes, metabolic syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome, dyslipidemia, and weight and lean body mass. Impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes Because chromium might potentiate the action of insulin, studies have examined whether increasing chromium intakes might reduce the risk of impaired glucose tolerance.
Numerous randomized controlled trials have assessed the effects of chromium supplements——often at pharmacological doses e. One of the most commonly cited intervention studies of the effects of chromium supplementation for type 2 diabetes was a randomized controlled trial [ 37 ].
The trial assigned adults aged 35—65 years with type 2 diabetes to receive mcg chromium as chromium picolinate , mcg chromium, or placebo twice daily for four months.
At 4 months, for example, mean fasting serum glucose levels were 7. HbA1c is a robust measure of blood glucose control because it reflects long-term changes in blood glucose levels [ 38 ]. Several subsequent studies that used various doses of chromium had inconsistent findings. A review of chromium and glycemic control included 8 meta-analyses and systematic reviews of a total of 58 clinical trials [ 16 ].
The trials lasted from 3 weeks to 6 months and administered 1. The most frequently used form was chromium picolinate, followed by yeasts containing chromium and chromium chloride. Overall, when used as an adjuvant treatment, chromium lowered fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c levels slightly in people with diabetes.
However, the clinical significance of these findings is unclear. The authors of a review of chromium supplementation in people with type 2 diabetes drew similar conclusions, noting the insufficient rationale to recommend chromium supplements for people with type 2 diabetes and that chromium supplements do not help moderate glucose levels in healthy individuals [ 39 ].
Some research suggests that responses to chromium supplementation may vary, and supplements might be more likely to benefit people with more severe insulin resistance and poorer glycemic control [ 18 , 40 ]. In a randomized trial in participants aged 30—70 years with type 2 diabetes, daily supplementation with 1, mcg chromium as chromium picolinate for 24 weeks did not significantly affect insulin sensitivity, fasting glucose levels, or HbA1c values in comparison with placebo [ 40 ].
However, some participants did respond to chromium supplementation, and these people had significantly lower insulin sensitivity 3. Manufacturers market chromium supplements widely in the United States for people with type 2 diabetes, and many adults use them in the hope that the supplements will reduce their risk of diabetes or improve their glycemic control [ 6 , 8 , 18 , 39 ]. However, FDA allows only the following qualified health claim for chromium picolinate dietary supplements:.
In its diabetes guidelines, the American Diabetes Association concluded that because studies have not definitively shown that chromium supplementation benefits people with diabetes or obesity, the association cannot recommend such supplementation [ 43 ].
This determination was based on conflicting evidence from poorly controlled or uncontrolled studies. Similarly, the association concluded in its position statement that evidence is insufficient to support the routine use of supplements containing chromium and other micronutrients for glycemic control in people with diabetes [ 44 ]. Additional research is needed to determine whether specific populations e. Insulin resistance is an integral component of this condition and is a potential therapeutic target for dietary interventions for metabolic syndrome [ 46 ].
A prospective study of 3, adults aged 20—32 years found that baseline toenail chromium concentrations were inversely associated with the incidence of metabolic syndrome over 23 years of follow-up [ 47 ]. For these reasons, some scientists have hypothesized that chromium supplements might benefit people with metabolic syndrome.
Only a few clinical trials of chromium supplementation for metabolic syndrome have been conducted [ 46 , ]. One of these trials included 63 adults aged 18 to 75 years with metabolic syndrome who received either mcg chromium picolinate or placebo twice daily for 16 weeks [ 46 ].
In comparison with placebo, chromium supplementation significantly increased acute insulin response to glucose but did not affect HbA1c levels, insulin sensitivity, or other measures of glucose metabolism.
Chromium supplementation also had no effect on body weight or serum lipids. Similarly, in a clinical trial of 70 adults mean age 58 years with metabolic syndrome and impaired glucose tolerance, daily supplementation with mcg chromium mcg with breakfast and mcg with dinner, as chromium yeast for 24 weeks did not affect fasting glucose levels, HbA1c, waist circumference, blood pressure, or lipid levels [ 49 ].
Overall, limited research suggests that chromium supplements do not significantly benefit people with metabolic syndrome. It is characterized by infertility, obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperandrogenism, and elevated risks of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease [ 51 , 52 ]. Because insulin resistance is often a central component of PCOS, studies have investigated the use of chromium supplements in people with PCOS to help maintain glycemic control and reduce lipid levels [ 16 , 53 ].
Four recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials have examined the effects of chromium supplements on signs and symptoms of PCOS [ 52 , ]. One analysis included 7 trials with a total of participants that administered chromium as chromium picolinate at mcg to 1, mcg daily for 8 to 24 weeks [ 52 ].
Chromium supplementation had no effect on fasting blood glucose, total testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, or luteinizing hormone levels.
However, chromium did significantly reduce body mass index BMI by 2. Chromium supplementation had no significant effect on fasting insulin levels or insulin sensitivity, but data from two trials showed that it did significantly lower a measure of insulin resistance.
In addition, one trial included in the review found that chromium supplementation significantly improved a measure of beta-cell function. Similarly, another meta-analysis and a systematic review had mixed findings [ 54 , 56 ].
Overall, the evidence on whether chromium supplementation reduces the risk of PCOS or is beneficial for women with this condition is mixed, making it difficult to draw firm conclusions [ 16 ]. Additional studies with sufficient samples sizes and duration in well-defined populations are needed [ 53 ]. Dyslipidemia Numerous studies show associations between poor chromium status and elevated blood cholesterol levels [ 7 ]. Therefore, scientists hypothesize that chromium supplementation might improve blood lipid levels.
Studies have examined this possibility in various populations, including people with impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes, or PCOS. In a randomized clinical trial in 71 participants mean age Results of studies with higher doses of supplemental chromium have also been mixed [ 37 , 59 ]. Overall, meta-analyses examining the effects of chromium supplementation in people with diabetes [ ] and PCOS [ 54 ] have shown no significant changes in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels [ 16 ].
However, some have shown that chromium supplementation increases HDL cholesterol levels by 1. Additional research is needed to determine whether chromium supplementation has any clinically significant effects on dyslipidemia. Weight and lean body mass Because chromium might amplify insulin action, some scientists have proposed that chromium supplementation could reduce the amount of glucose converted to fat and increase protein synthesis and, hence, muscle mass [ 12 ].
Some preliminary research also indicates that chromium supplements might reduce food intakes, hunger levels, and fat cravings [ 65 ]. Therefore, chromium supplementation has been proposed to both enhance weight loss and improve body composition by decreasing body fat and increasing lean body mass; its effects on these outcomes have been evaluated in several clinical trials [ 12 , ].
A meta-analysis included 21 trials that measured the impact of chromium supplementation on anthropometric indices in a total of 1, overweight or obese participants aged 18 or older [ 70 ]. Trial durations ranged from 9 to 24 weeks, and chromium doses were to 1, mcg per day. Most trials used chromium picolinate, and others used chromium-enriched yeast or chromium nicotinate.
Participants taking chromium supplements lost significantly more weight, 0. The chromium supplements had no significant effect on waist circumference or waist-to-hip ratio. Two other systematic reviews and meta-analyses had similar findings [ 71 , 72 ], as did a Cochrane review [ 67 ].
Overall, research suggests that supplementation with chromium, mainly in the form chromium picolinate, reduces body weight and body fat percentage to a very small, but statistically significant, extent.
However, these effects have little clinical significance. The FNB concluded that no adverse effects have been linked to high intakes of chromium from food or supplements, so it did not establish a UL for chromium [ 2 ]. However, the FNB noted that caution may be warranted because the data are limited and that high intakes of chromium could have adverse effects [ 2 , 3 , 6 ].
The FNB also pointed out that people with renal and liver disease might be susceptible to adverse effects from high chromium intakes [ 2 ].
According to isolated case reports, chromium supplements might cause weight loss, anemia, thrombocytopenia, liver dysfunction, renal failure, rhabdomyolysis, dermatitis, and hypoglycemia [ 73 , 74 ]. Several types of medications have the potential to interact with chromium supplements.
A number of studies have examined the effect of chromium supplements in those with type 2 diabetes. For example, a meta-analysis pooled the results of 41 studies and found that chromium supplements do appear to improve blood sugar control in people with type 2 diabetes, but the authors state that well-designed clinical trials are still required before any firm claims can be made.
Because chromium has an effect on glucose and fat metabolism, researchers have explored its potential to promote weight loss and enhance body composition i. Although some early studies found that chromium supplements led to greater weight and fat loss compared with the placebo, others did not.
A double-blind, randomised trial, where women were fed similar diets constant energy and nutrients with or without chromium supplements, found that chromium supplements had no greater effect on weight or fat loss than the placebo. Research on the essentiality of chromium is still scarce. In fact, the most recent estimates for chromium intake for adults in Europe are between Excretion of the mineral also goes up with strenuous exercise, the presence of infection, pregnancy, lactation, and with an increase in the consumption of simple sugars, she adds.
In fact, there are few side effects linked to high chromium intakes, adds Armul. Consuming too little chromium can result in a range of symptoms, including some that mimic those of diabetes, such as weight loss, impaired glucose tolerance, neuropathy , anxiety, fatigue and muscle weakness, explains Majumdar.
Fortunately, chromium deficiency is very unusual and has mostly been documented in people who are fed through nutritional support. To address this shortfall, chromium has been added to intravenous IV formulations, she adds.
Chromium is stored in the liver, spleen, soft tissue, and bones. The main reason chromium deficiency is so rare is that this nutrient is found in an abundance of fruits, vegetables, grains, and meat — and even in wine. Good sources of chromium include broccoli, green beans, potatoes, apples, bananas, whole grains , peas, cheese, corn, grapes , beef, and poultry. Diets that are high in simple sugars — in which simple sugars make up more than 35 percent of calorie intake — can reduce absorption of chromium.
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